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All HBS Web
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- News (173)
- Research (1,181)
- Events (7)
- Multimedia (2)
- Faculty Publications (532)
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- April 1991 (Revised November 1996)
- Case
Harnischfeger Industries: Portal Cranes
Harnischfeger, the market-share leader, is facing increasing competition in the portal crane industry. The key question facing the company is how to respond to the competitive threat without undermining the attractiveness of the industry. The case discusses a number of...
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Brandenburger, Adam M. "Harnischfeger Industries: Portal Cranes." Harvard Business School Case 391-130, April 1991. (Revised November 1996.)
- 18 Feb 2009
- First Look
First Look: February 18, 2009
implications of such two-sided competition on the actions and source of profits of media firms. One main conclusion we reach is that media firms may charge higher content prices in a duopoly than in a...
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Keywords:
Martha Lagace
- October 2007 (Revised January 2009)
- Background Note
Analyzing Relative Costs
By: Hanna Halaburda and Jan W. Rivkin
Introduces students to the technique of relative cost analysis, a core technique of strategists. Among the intricate quantitative analyses that strategists undertake, relative cost analysis may be the most common. The goal of a relative cost analysis is simply to...
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Keywords:
Cost;
Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques;
Mathematical Methods;
Competition;
Competitive Advantage
Halaburda, Hanna, and Jan W. Rivkin. "Analyzing Relative Costs." Harvard Business School Background Note 708-462, October 2007. (Revised January 2009.)
- June 2011
- Case
Reed Supermarkets: A New Wave of Competitors
By: John A. Quelch and Carole Carlson
Reed Supermarkets is a high-end supermarket chain with operations in several Midwestern states. Meredith Collins, vice president of marketing, visits stores located in Columbus, Ohio, an important region with the largest market and the greatest impact on revenue...
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Keywords:
Product Positioning;
Marketing Strategy;
Business Growth and Maturation;
Competitive Strategy;
Consumer Behavior;
Brands and Branding;
Retail Industry;
Food and Beverage Industry;
Ohio
Quelch, John A., and Carole Carlson. "Reed Supermarkets: A New Wave of Competitors." Harvard Business School Brief Case 114-296, June 2011.
- December 2011
- Article
Platform Envelopment
By: Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne
Due to network effects and switching costs in platform markets, entrants generally must offer revolutionary functionality. We explore a second entry path that does not rely upon Schumpeterian innovation: platform envelopment. Through envelopment, a provider in one...
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Keywords:
Digital Platforms;
Business and Stakeholder Relations;
Economic Systems;
Development Economics;
Business or Company Management;
Business Strategy;
Network Effects;
Information Technology Industry;
Technology Industry
Eisenmann, Thomas R., Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall Van Alstyne. "Platform Envelopment." Strategic Management Journal 32, no. 12 (December 2011): 1270–1285.
- September 2013
- Case
SafeBlend Fracturing
By: Benson P. Shapiro, Frank V. Cespedes and Alisa Zalosh
The CEO of SafeBlend Technologies must set a price for the company's environmentally friendly fracturing fluid additive. The firm is negotiating a new contract with its biggest client, Bristol Natural Gas. For the last two years, SafeBlend has been the sole provider of...
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Keywords:
Information Technology;
Customer Relationship Management;
Price;
Negotiation;
Competitive Advantage;
Environmental Sustainability;
Energy Sources;
Sales;
Energy Industry
Shapiro, Benson P., Frank V. Cespedes, and Alisa Zalosh. "SafeBlend Fracturing." Harvard Business School Brief Case 914-513, September 2013.
- 2007
- Working Paper
Proprietary vs. Open Two-Sided Platforms and Social Efficiency
By: Andrei Hagiu
This paper identifies a fundamental economic welfare tradeoff between two-sided open platforms and two-sided proprietary (closed) platforms connecting consumers and producers. Proprietary platforms create two-sided deadweight losses through monopoly pricing but at the...
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Keywords:
Two-Sided Markets;
Platforms;
Indirect Network Effects;
Product Variety;
Social Efficiency;
Two-Sided Platforms;
Network Effects;
Welfare or Wellbeing
Hagiu, Andrei. "Proprietary vs. Open Two-Sided Platforms and Social Efficiency." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 07-095, May 2007.
- September 10, 2022
- Article
NFT Sales: Clearing the Market, Avoiding Gas Wars
By: Scott Duke Kominers and Tim Roughgarden
Instead of letting the market decide the price for their primary sale offerings, many NFT projects choose to initially sell their NFTs at prices below the market-clearing level. But what happens when market designers trade off efficiency for equity; or when demand far...
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Kominers, Scott Duke, and Tim Roughgarden. "NFT Sales: Clearing the Market, Avoiding Gas Wars." a16zcrypto.com (September 10, 2022).
- February 1985 (Revised September 1988)
- Case
Komatsu Ltd.
Reviews and updates the structure and characteristics of the earth-moving equipment industry presented in the companion case, Caterpillar Tractor Co. After revealing that CAT has suffered major financial losses during the period from 1981 through 1984, the case...
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Keywords:
Financial Crisis;
Machinery and Machining;
Price;
Growth and Development;
Brands and Branding;
Product Development;
Production;
Competitive Strategy;
Global Strategy;
Manufacturing Industry;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Industrial Products Industry
Bartlett, Christopher A. "Komatsu Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 385-277, February 1985. (Revised September 1988.)
- September 2023
- Case
The Meteoric Rise of Skims
Since its founding in 2019 by Kim Kardashian and Jens Grede, Skims, a solutions-oriented brand creating the next generation of underwear, loungewear, and shapewear with an eye toward body-type and skin-tone inclusivity, has experienced a meteoric rise. Kardashian, who...
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Keywords:
Brand;
Branding;
Direct-to-consumer;
DTC;
Influencers;
Influencer Marketing;
Fashion;
Growth;
Direct Marketing;
Influence;
Reputation;
Social Inference;
Consumer Goods;
Consumer Products;
Female Entrepreneur;
Female Protagonist;
Entrepreneurship And Strategy;
Brand & Product Management;
Competitive Advantage;
Online Followers;
Retail;
Retail Formats;
Retailing;
Online Retail;
Celebrities;
Celebrity;
Celebrity Endorsement;
Go To Market Strategy;
Apparel;
Startup Marketing;
Startups;
Social Influencers;
Brands and Branding;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Growth Management;
Distribution Channels;
Digital Marketing;
Advertising;
Power and Influence;
Social Media;
Fashion Industry;
Apparel and Accessories Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
United States
Israeli, Ayelet, Jill Avery, and Leonard A. Schlesinger. "The Meteoric Rise of Skims." Harvard Business School Case 524-023, September 2023.
- November 1999 (Revised November 1999)
- Case
Goodyear: The Aquatred Launch (Condensed)
Goodyear is planning to launch an innovative new tire in a price sensitive and highly competitive category. The case deals with channel conflicts and management issues arising in mature product categories.
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Chun, Samuel S. "Goodyear: The Aquatred Launch (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 500-039, November 1999. (Revised November 1999.)
- 2020
- Working Paper
Do Lenders Still Discriminate? A Robust Approach for Assessing Differences in Menus
By: David Hao Zhang and Paul Willen
We use a new methodology to assess mortgage pricing discrimination by race. We make four main contributions. First, we show that existing estimates of mortgage pricing differences by race can be confounded by a "menu problem," which is the problem associated with...
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Keywords:
Mortgages;
Financing and Loans;
Prejudice and Bias;
Race;
Measurement and Metrics;
Banking Industry;
United States
Zhang, David Hao, and Paul Willen. "Do Lenders Still Discriminate? A Robust Approach for Assessing Differences in Menus." Working Paper, September 2020.
- September 1995 (Revised December 1997)
- Case
Philip Morris: Marlboro Friday (A)
By: Alvin J. Silk and Bruce Isaacson
On April 2, 1993 Philip Morris USA launched an elaborate integrated program of consumer and retail promotions of unspecified duration that effectively slashed the retail price of its flagship brand, Marlboro, by 20% in the U.S. market. This program represented a major...
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Keywords:
Competition;
Price;
Marketing Strategy;
Market Participation;
Brands and Branding;
Consumer Products Industry;
United States
Silk, Alvin J., and Bruce Isaacson. "Philip Morris: Marlboro Friday (A)." Harvard Business School Case 596-001, September 1995. (Revised December 1997.)
- 2021
- Book
Sales Management That Works: How to Sell in a World That Never Stops Changing
Selling is changing, but the impact on sales of megatrends like ecommerce, big data, and AI is often misunderstood and not supported by empirical data. Managers who fail to separate fact from hype will make decisions based on bad assumptions and, in a competitive...
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Cespedes, Frank V. Sales Management That Works: How to Sell in a World That Never Stops Changing. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2021.
- December 1986 (Revised March 1991)
- Supplement
Caterpillar-Komatsu in 1986
Provides an update to the global competitive interaction between Caterpillar and Komatsu described in companion cases Caterpillar Tractor and Komatsu Ltd. Caterpillar's response to Komatsu's growing market share is outlined, then the impact of rapidly changing...
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Keywords:
Competition;
Currency Exchange Rate;
Price;
Global Strategy;
Policy;
Market Participation;
Strategy;
Manufacturing Industry;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Industrial Products Industry
Bartlett, Christopher A. "Caterpillar-Komatsu in 1986." Harvard Business School Supplement 387-095, December 1986. (Revised March 1991.)
- 03 Mar 2003
- Research & Ideas
The Basics of Consumer Marketing in Asia
assistant professor at HBS, asked the panelists if it was true that price competition is still the major way Chinese consumers differentiate brands from one another. "We see a little bit of a shift away...
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Keywords:
by Julie Jette
- Research Summary
Ray's current research is on technology platforms - how technology companies can platformize their technology offerings, how platforms impact competitive strategy and create pricing power, and how technology consumers interact with technologies that are platforms.
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- December 2022
- Article
When and How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality and Advertising Decisions in a Duopoly
By: Dominique Olié Lauga, Elie Ofek and Zsolt Katona
A prominent hallmark of competitive interaction is the desire to differentiate from rivals. In this article, the authors examine under what conditions firms will differentiate through product quality versus advertising intensity. Firms select quality in a first stage,...
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Lauga, Dominique Olié, Elie Ofek, and Zsolt Katona. "When and How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality and Advertising Decisions in a Duopoly." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 59, no. 2 (December 2022): 1252–1265.
- Article
Temporary General Equilibrium in a Sequential Trading Model with Spot and Futures Transactions
By: Jerry R. Green
The existence of an equilibrium is proven for a two-period model in which there are spot transactions and futures transactions in the first period and spot markets in the second period. Prices at that date are viewed with subjective uncertainty by all traders. This...
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Green, Jerry R. "Temporary General Equilibrium in a Sequential Trading Model with Spot and Futures Transactions." Econometrica 41, no. 6 (November 1973): 1103–1123.
- January 2004 (Revised November 2004)
- Case
Rwandan Tea Industry, The: Looking into the Future
By: Debora L. Spar
In 2003, the Rwandan government was focused on transforming the nation's tea industry into a world-class competitor. To accomplish this objective and stave off the downward prices that plagued the international tea market, the government believed that the industry...
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Keywords:
Plant-Based Agribusiness;
Market Entry and Exit;
Competitive Strategy;
Privatization;
Government and Politics;
Developing Countries and Economies;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Rwanda
Spar, Debora L., and Cate Reavis. "Rwandan Tea Industry, The: Looking into the Future." Harvard Business School Case 704-007, January 2004. (Revised November 2004.)