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-
All HBS Web
(10,243)
- People (50)
- News (3,205)
- Research (4,266)
- Events (35)
- Multimedia (61)
- Faculty Publications (1,702)
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- August 2020 (Revised October 2020)
- Teaching Note
To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Instructor)
By: Ashley Whillans and Liz Goldenberg
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 921-012. Working professionals are often in the predicament of needing to make a choice between activities that will grant them more money or more time. Indeed, in large-scale representative panels of working adults, most respondents...
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- August 8, 2017
- Article
Buying Time Promotes Happiness
By: A.V. Whillans, Elizabeth W. Dunn, Paul Smeets, Rene Bekkers and Michael I. Norton
Around the world, increases in wealth have produced an unintended consequence: a rising sense of time scarcity. We provide evidence that using money to buy time can provide a buffer against this time famine, thereby promoting happiness. Using large, diverse samples...
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Whillans, A.V., Elizabeth W. Dunn, Paul Smeets, Rene Bekkers, and Michael I. Norton. "Buying Time Promotes Happiness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 32 (August 8, 2017): 8523–8527.
- August 2020 (Revised October 2020)
- Exercise
To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Student)
By: Ashley Whillans and Liz Goldenberg
Working professionals are often in the predicament of needing to make a choice between activities that will grant them more money or more time. Indeed, in large-scale representative panels of working adults, most respondents report feeling pressed for both time and...
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Whillans, Ashley, and Liz Goldenberg. "To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Student)." Harvard Business School Exercise 921-012, August 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
- Article
Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Happiness
By: A.V. Whillans, Aaron C. Weidman and Elizabeth W. Dunn
How do the trade-offs that we make about two of our most valuable resources—time and money—shape happiness? While past research has documented the immediate consequences of thinking about time and money, research has not yet examined whether people’s general...
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Whillans, A.V., Aaron C. Weidman, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Happiness." Social Psychological & Personality Science 7, no. 3 (April 2016): 213–222.
- Article
Time for Happiness: Why the Pursuit of Money Isn't Bringing You Joy—and What Will
By: A.V. Whillans
Adam (real story, fake name) was a good employee who was given a plum project he believed could get him a promotion and a raise. Taking it seemed like the proverbial no-brainer: Work hard, nail the assignment, get more pay. He knew he’d have to put in long days and...
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Whillans, A.V. "Time for Happiness: Why the Pursuit of Money Isn't Bringing You Joy—and What Will." Special Issue on HBR Big Idea: Time Poor and Unhappy. Harvard Business Review (website) (January 29, 2019).
- August 1976 (Revised October 1976)
- Background Note
Cash Flow and the Time Value of Money
With the use of charts and examples, gives a detailed description of cash flows, the time value of money, and discounted cash flow analysis.
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Frey, Sherwood C. "Cash Flow and the Time Value of Money." Harvard Business School Background Note 177-012, August 1976. (Revised October 1976.)
- Article
Making Seconds Count: When Valuing Time Promotes Subjective Well-being
By: Alice Lee-Yoon and A.V. Whillans
Time is a finite and precious resource, and the way that we value our time can critically shape happiness. In this article, we present a conceptual framework to explain when valuing time can enhance vs. undermine well-being. Specifically, we review the emotional...
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Lee-Yoon, Alice, and A.V. Whillans. "Making Seconds Count: When Valuing Time Promotes Subjective Well-being." Current Opinion in Psychology 26 (April 2019): 54–57.
- November–December 2018
- Article
Slack Time and Innovation
By: Ajay Agrawal, Christian Catalini, Avi Goldfarb and Hong Luo
Traditional innovation models assume that new ideas are developed up to the point where the benefit of the marginal project is just equal to the cost. Because labor is a key input to innovation when the opportunity cost of time is lower, such as during school breaks or...
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Agrawal, Ajay, Christian Catalini, Avi Goldfarb, and Hong Luo. "Slack Time and Innovation." Organization Science 29, no. 6 (November–December 2018): 1056–1073.
- July 6, 2011
- Article
Fine Time to Wade Into Money Market Funds
By: Robert C. Pozen and Theresa Hamacher
Pozen, Robert C., and Theresa Hamacher. "Fine Time to Wade Into Money Market Funds." Washington Post (July 6, 2011).
- January 2017
- Case
Where Should Pat Gelsinger's Time Go?
By: Raffaella Sadun
Pat Gelsinger, CEO of VMware, is deciding how to structure the firm presence in cloud computing. He can pursue the opportunity in multiple ways: doubling down the investments in an internal and nascent cloud offering, partnering with established third parties, or...
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Sadun, Raffaella. "Where Should Pat Gelsinger's Time Go?" Harvard Business School Case 717-408, January 2017.
- Article
Prosocial Spending and Buying Time: Money as a Tool for Increasing Subjective Well-Being
By: Elizabeth Dunn, A.V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton and Lara B. Aknin
Researchers have long been interested in the relationship between income and happiness, but a newer wave of work suggests that how people use their money also matters. We discuss the three primary areas in which psychologists have explored the relationship...
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Dunn, Elizabeth, A.V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton, and Lara B. Aknin. "Prosocial Spending and Buying Time: Money as a Tool for Increasing Subjective Well-Being." Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 61 (2020): 67–126.
- 2017
- Article
A Brief Money Management Scale and Its Associations with Personality, Financial Health, and Hypothetical Debt Repayment
By: Masha Ksendzova, Grant Edward Donnelly and Ryan Howell
Money management is essential for financial health, and more research is needed to better assess people’s money management practices. Therefore, we factor-analyzed 205 scaled questions from previous money management measures to select the best items and examined their...
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- September 2023
- Article
Measuring Time Use in Rural India: Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Survey Module
By: Erica Field, Rohini Pande, Natalia Rigol, Simone Schaner, Elena Stacy and Charity Troyer Moore
Time use data can help us understand individual labor supply choices, especially
for women who often provide unpaid care and home production. Although
enumerator-assisted diary-based time use data collection is suitable for
low-literacy populations, it is costly and...
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Keywords:
Time Use
- 2021
- Working Paper
Friends and Family Money: P2P Transfers and Financially Fragile Consumers
By: Tetyana Balyuk and Emily Williams
We assess the impact that real time money transfer technology has on consumer outcomes, particularly during periods of financial fragility. We do this by developing a new data set that documents use of Zelle—the most widely used P2P money transfer technology in the...
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Keywords:
P2P Money Transfers;
Real Time Payments;
Fintech;
Finance;
Information Technology;
Personal Finance;
Financial Condition
Balyuk, Tetyana, and Emily Williams. "Friends and Family Money: P2P Transfers and Financially Fragile Consumers." Working Paper, November 2021.
- Article
A Multicountry Perspective on Gender Differences in Time Use During COVID-19
By: Laura M. Giurge, Ashley V. Whillans and Ayse Yemiscigil (shared authorship)
The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered how people spend time, with possible consequences for subjective well-being. Using diverse samples of remote workers from the United States, Canada, Denmark, Brazil, and Spain (n = 31,141), following a preregistered...
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Keywords:
Time;
Subjective Well-being;
COVID-19;
Health Pandemics;
Gender;
Time Management;
Well-being;
Work-Life Balance;
Global Range
Giurge, Laura M., Ashley V. Whillans, and Ayse Yemiscigil (shared authorship). "A Multicountry Perspective on Gender Differences in Time Use During COVID-19." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 23, 2021).
- Article
Time Use and Happiness of Millionaires: Evidence from the Netherlands
By: Paul Smeets, A.V. Whillans, Rene Bekkers and Michael I. Norton
How do the very wealthy spend their time, and how does time use relate to well-being? In two studies in the Netherlands, the affluent (N=863, N=690) and the general population (N=1232, N=306) spent time in surprisingly similar ways, such as by spending the same amount...
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Keywords:
Time And Wellbeing;
Millionaires;
Social Class;
Wealth;
Happiness;
Demographics;
Netherlands
Smeets, Paul, A.V. Whillans, Rene Bekkers, and Michael I. Norton. "Time Use and Happiness of Millionaires: Evidence from the Netherlands." Social Psychological & Personality Science 11, no. 3 (April 2020): 295–307.
- September 11, 2017
- Editorial
If You Want to Feel Better, Spend Money on Saving Time
By: A. V. Whillans and Michael I. Norton
Whillans, A. V., and Michael I. Norton. "If You Want to Feel Better, Spend Money on Saving Time." Wall Street Journal (online) (September 11, 2017).
- 2018
- Article
Overcoming Barriers to Time-Saving: Reminders of Future Busyness Encourage Consumers to Buy Time
By: A. V. Whillans, Elizabeth W. Dunn and Michael I. Norton
Spending money on time-saving purchases improves happiness. Yet, people often fail to spend their money in this way. Because most people believe that the future will be less busy than the present, they may underweight the value of these purchases. We examine the impact...
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Keywords:
Consumer Choice;
Sharing Economy;
Opportunity Cost;
Time-as Money;
Well-being;
Time Management;
Happiness;
Perception;
Behavior
Whillans, A. V., Elizabeth W. Dunn, and Michael I. Norton. "Overcoming Barriers to Time-Saving: Reminders of Future Busyness Encourage Consumers to Buy Time." Social Influence 13, no. 2 (2018): 117–124.
- October 2023 (Revised April 2024)
- Case
ghSMART & Co: Building and Scaling a Time Smart Firm
By: Ashley Whillans and Sara Coronel Rodriguez
"For ghSMART, freedom is the first principle from which all good things flow”—Geoff Smart, Chairman and Founder, ghSMART. ghSMART was a leadership advisory firm that was grounded in the principle of freedom. Talented Consultants and Partners could work remotely from...
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Keywords:
Time;
Consulting Firms;
Time Management;
Talent and Talent Management;
Employee Relationship Management;
Innovation Strategy;
Knowledge Sharing;
Organizational Culture;
Going Public;
Partners and Partnerships;
Expansion;
Reputation
Whillans, Ashley, and Sara Coronel Rodriguez. "ghSMART & Co: Building and Scaling a Time Smart Firm." Harvard Business School Case 924-009, October 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
- July 2010 (Revised December 2011)
- Case
Controlling Hot Money
By: Robert C. Pozen
The manager of the Japan Equities Fund is faced with an increase in "hot money" moving quickly in and out of the Fund. This short-term trading is an attempt to take advantage of the difference between the closing times of the Tokyo and New York Stock Exchanges. The CFO...
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Keywords:
Stocks;
International Finance;
Investment Funds;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Market Timing;
Market Transactions;
Financial Services Industry;
New York (city, NY)
Pozen, Robert C. "Controlling Hot Money." Harvard Business School Case 311-022, July 2010. (Revised December 2011.)